’Eat, drink and be merry’…

’Eat, drink and be merry’, ’A fly in the ointment’, ’The land of milk and honey’ – Do you know the origins of these everyday expressions? 

All three expressions originally come from the Bible. The Oxford English Dictionary credits The Wycliffe Bible, a 14th century Middle English translation of the Bible, with more early citations of English words than the works of Dickens, Ben Jonson, Jane Austen, Thomas Hardy, Samuel Pepys, and John Milton combined. The Bible even outranks William Shakespeare in the OED, with evidence of a grand total of 1547 new words compared to Shakespeare’s 1524.

But it doesn’t stop there. The numerous English translations and editions of the Bible produced over the centuries have likewise given us countless proverbs, sayings, and expressions, many of which have dropped into everyday use. Some are quite clearly religious – like O ye of little faith, a fall from grace, and love thy neighbour – but the Biblical origins of others, including the 18 explained here, are a little more surprising.

1. AT THE ELEVENTH HOUR

Do something at the eleventh hour, and you do it at the very last minute. It’s possible that this phrase might have appeared in the language without any Biblical intervention, but the OED nevertheless credits it to the Parable of the Labourers in the Gospel of Matthew (20:1-16), which metaphorically advises that no matter what time you start work the reward will always be the same.

2. AT YOUR WIT’S END

The earliest reference to being at your wit’s end in English dates back to the late 14th century. The phrase comes from Psalm 107, in which “they that go down to the sea in ships,” namely sailors and seafarers, are described as being thrown around by a storm at sea so that, “they reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man, and are at their wit’s end” (107: 23-27).

3. THE BLIND LEADING THE BLIND

The Roman poet Horace used his own version of the blind leading the blind in the 1st century BC, suggesting that it was already a fairly well known saying by the time it appeared in the New Testament: “Let them alone: they be blind leaders of the blind. And if the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch” (Matthew 15:14). Nevertheless, its inclusion in early editions of the Bible no doubt popularized its use in everyday language—and even inspired a famous painting by Pieter Brueghel literally interpreting the original quote.

4. BY THE SKIN OF YOUR TEETH

The Old Testament Book of Job records how Job is put through a series of trials, but eventually escapes “with the skin of my teeth” (19:20). Although precisely what Job meant these words to mean is debatable (and not helped by the fact that teeth don’t have skin), the usual interpretation is the one we use today—namely, that he escaped only by the narrowest of margins.

5. TO CAST PEARLS BEFORE SWINE

Meaning “to offer something of value to someone unable to appreciate it,” to cast pearls before swine comes from the New Testament: “Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet” (Matthew, 7:6).

6. EAT, DRINK AND BE MERRY

This popular sentiment is outlined several times in the Bible (Luke 12:19, 1 Corinthians 15:32), but appears first in the Book of Ecclesiastes: “man hath no better thing under the sun, than to eat, and to drink, and to be merry” (8:15).

7. TO FALL BY THE WAYSIDE

If something falls by the wayside (i.e. by the side of the road), then it fails to be seen through to completion or is side-lined in favor of some other project or endeavor. The earliest use of this phrase in English comes from William Tyndale’s translation of the Bible in 1526, and in particular his version of the Parable of the Sower, who “went out to sow his seeds, and as he sowed, some fell by the way side; and it was trodden down, and the fowls of the air devoured it” (Luke 8:5).

8. FEET OF CLAY

Feet of clayhas been used in English since the 19th century to refer to a fundamental weakness that has the potential to lead to the downfall of something (or someone) otherwise great and powerful. It comes from the Book of Daniel (2:31-45), in which the prophet Daniel interprets a dream that the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar has had of an enormous, imposing statue. “This image’s head was of fine gold,” Daniel writes, “his breast and his arms of silver, his belly and his thighs of brass, his legs of iron, his feet part of iron and part of clay.” As the dream continues, suddenly a huge stone strikes the clay feet of the statue, causing it to collapse and break up into pieces. Daniel interprets the golden head of the statue as representing Nebuchadnezzar’s kingdom, while the silver torso represents an inferior kingdom that will follow his. The brass stomach and thighs represent a third and even more inferior kingdom that will follow that, and a fourth and final kingdom, partly strong like iron but partly weak like clay, is represented by its legs and feet. And it is this weakness, Daniel predicts, that will lead to the downfall of the entire structure.

9. A FLY IN THE OINTMENT

“Dead flies cause the ointment of the apothecary to send forth a stinking savour,” advises the Book of Ecclesiastes (10:1). The modern wording, a fly in the ointment, first appeared in the language in the early 1700s.

10. HE THAT TOUCHETH PITCH

The old adage that he that touches pitch shall be defiled advises that anyone who has even the slightest contact with someone who’s up to no good cannot avoid becoming corrupted themselves. The line comes from Ecclesiasticus, a book in the Biblical Apocrypha written in the 2nd century BC that warns that, “He that toucheth pitch shall be defiled therewith, and he that hath fellowship with a proud man shall be like unto him” (13:1).

11. THE LAND OF MILK AND HONEY

In Exodus (3:1-22), Moses is told by the vision of the burning bush to lead the Israelites out of Egypt and into Canaan, “a land flowing with milk and honey.” The phrase has since come to be widely used of any location promising great prosperity, respite, and comfort.

12. THE LAND OF NOD

Another famous Biblical land is the Land of Nod, lying “east of Eden” according to the Book of Genesis, to which Cain is exiled after he murders his brother, Abel (4:16). As a metaphor for falling asleep however, the Land of Nod was first used by Jonathan Swift in 1738 and is probably nothing more than a pun on a drooping or “nodding” head.

13. A LEOPARD CANNOT CHANGE ITS SPOTS

Implying that you cannot alter who you are innately meant to be, the old saying that a leopard cannot change its spots is a rewording of a verse from the Book of Jeremiah (13:23), that asks “Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots?”

14. LIKE A LAMB TO THE SLAUGHTER

If someone is blissfully unaware of the disaster about to befall them, then they’re like a lamb to the slaughter. The phrase is touched on a number of times in the Bible, most notably in the Book of Isaiah: “He is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth” (53:7).

15. A MILLSTONE AROUND YOUR NECK

The image of having a millstone around your neck, in the sense of having some kind of oppressive burden or responsibility, has been a cliché in English since the early 18th century. It comes from a famous New Testament speech in which Jesus explains that anyone whotakes advantage of a child would be better of having “a millstone … hanged about his neck and be cast into the sea” than to try to enter into Heaven (Luke, 17:2).

16. TO MOVE MOUNTAINS

The idea that faith can move mountains is repeated a number of times in the Bible, including in one of the letters of St Paul: “though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains … I am nothing” (1 Corinthians 13:2). His words have been used as a familiar expression of achieving something impossible since the 16th century.

17. THERE IS NOTHING NEW UNDER THE SUN

As an expression of world-weariness and a tiredness of a lack of new ideas, the old adage that there is nothing new under the Sun is often wrongly attributed to Shakespeare, who used a similar line as the opening of his 59th sonnet. In fact, the phrase comes from the Old Testament Book of Ecclesiastes, which explains “that which is done is that which shall be done, and there is no new thing under the Sun” (1:9).

18. THE WRITING ON THE WALL

In English, the writing on the wall has been a proverbial omen of misfortune since the early 18th century. It comes from the Old Testament tale of Belshazzar’s Feast, a grand banquet hosted by the Babylonian king Belshazzar for a thousand of his lords. As recounted in the Book of Daniel (5:1-31), in the middle of the feast a ghostly disembodied hand supposedly appeared behind the king and wrote on the wall “mene mene tekel upharsin.” Unable to interpret the text himself (the words are literally a list of different Hebrew measurements), Belshazzar called on the prophet Daniel, who quickly explained that the message meant the king’s kingdom was soon to be “numbered, weighed, and divided.” That night, Belshazzar was killed, and Babylon was claimed by the Persians.

source: mentalfloss

Match the definition and the expression.

1. at the eleventh hour	a. an expression applied to leaders who know as little as their followers and are therefore likely to lead them astray
2. at your wit’s end	b. it fails to be seen through to completion or is side-lined in favor of some other project or endeavor.
3. blind leading the blind	c. a minor irritation that spoils the success or enjoyment of something.
4.by the skin of my teeth	d. a location promising great prosperity, respite, and comfort.
5. to cast pearls before swine	e. We should enjoy life as much as possible, because it will be over soon.
6.eat, drink, and be merry	f. to escape only by the narrowest of margins
7. to fall by the wayside	g. you do something at the very last minute
8. feet of clay	h. a state of sleep
9. a fly in the ointment	i. Implying that you cannot alter who you are innately meant to be
10. he that touches pitch shall be defiled	j. offer something of value to someone unable to appreciate it
11. a land flowing with milk and honey	k. at the end of one’s ideas or mental resources; perplexed
12. the Land of Nod	l. If someone is blissfully unaware of the disaster about to befall them
13. a leopard cannot change its spots	m. to achieve something impossible
14. a lamb to the slaughter	n. a proverbial omen of misfortune
15. a millstone around your neck	o. expression of world-weariness and a tiredness of a lack of new ideas
16. to move mountains	p. to have some kind of oppressive burden or responsibility
17. there is nothing new under the Sun	q. anyone who has even the slightest contact with someone who’s up to no good cannot avoid becoming corrupted themselves.
18. the writing on the wall	r. to refer to a fundamental weakness that has the potential to lead to the downfall of something (or someone) otherwise great and powerful.

Key

1. g.

2. k.

3. a.

4. f.

5. j.

6. e.

7. b.

8. r.

9. c.

10.q.

11. d.

12. h.

13. i.

14. l.

15. p.

16. m.

17. o.

18. n.